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Solar Energy By Sp Sukhatme Pdf Download Pdf

r a l o S ENERGY David and Patricia Armentrout
© 2009 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. www.rourkepublishing.com PHOTO CREDITS: © Thomas Gordon: page 4; © Mehmet Salih Guler: page 5; © Kapu: page 7 background; © tomos3: page 6 left; © Andrew Penner: page 7 top; © Hugo de Wolf: page 7 bottom; © SOHO Consortium: page 9; © Jirijura: page 10; Courtesy: NASA: page 12, 13, 39; © PhotoDisc: page 15; © StillFX: page 17; © Giorgio Fochesato: page 19; © Oktay Ortakcioglu: page 20; © Duncan Gilbert: page 21; © Tobias Machhaus: page 25; © Sergei Butorin: page 25 inset; © Markus Gann: page 26; © ConstantGardener: page 27; © Otmar Smit: page 29; Courtesy: Sandia/Photo by Randy Montoya: page 30, 33; © Seimans: page 31; © Marli Miller: page 32; © Eliza Snow: page 34; © Kativ: page 35; Courtesy: Panasonic World Solar Challenge: page 37; Courtesy: United States Air Force/ Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.: page 43
Edited by Kelli Hicks Cover design by Nicky Stratford, bdpublishing.com Interior design by Teri Intzegian
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Armentrout, David and Patricia Solar Energy / David and Patricia Armentrout. p. cm. -- (Let's Explore Global Energy) Summary: Introduces Solar Energy and its positive or negative impact on the environment, particularly our future. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60472-325-0 1. Solar Energy--Juvenile literature. I. Title.
Printed in the USA CG/CG
www.rourkepublishing.com – [email protected] Post Office Box 3328, Vero Beach, FL 32964
1-800-394-7055 2
Table of Contents Chapter 1
Energy
4
Chapter 2
Solar Energy
8
Chapter 3
What makes up the Sun?
12
Chapter 4
Where does the Sun’s Energy Go?
14
Chapter 5
Plants and Solar Energy
16
Chapter 6
Early Uses of Solar Energy
18
Chapter 7
Global Energy Sources
22
Chapter 8
Solar Energy Today
24
Chapter 9
Solar Thermal Collectors
26
Chapter 10
Solar Cells
34
Chapter 11
Making Solar Cells Better
36
Chapter 12
Solar Energy Advantages and Disadvantages
40
Chapter 13
Can Solar Energy Brighten our Future?
42
Chapter 14
Solar Timeline
44
Glossary
46
Index
48
3
CHAPTER ONE
Energy
Do you know what energy is? Scientists define energy as the ability to do work. That makes sense, because when you have a lot of energy, you feel like you can do many things. You might even say, “I have so much energy I feel like I could run 20 miles.” Running is work, and you would certainly need energy to run 20 miles. How does your body get energy? It comes from food. Food is the fuel your body converts to energy.
4
Just as our bodies convert chemicals from food to energy, we convert some of Earth’s resources, like coal and oil, into energy products like electricity and fuels. We use these products to heat and light our homes, schools, and businesses, and to power our cars and other machines.
Fuel for Thought Physics is a science that deals with energy. Physicists study all kinds of energy including chemical energy,—the kind of energy found in food that your body stores before you put it to good use. 5
Fuel for Thought Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels. They formed from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Coal formed over time when plant remains compressed underground with soil, clay, and minerals. Oil and natural gas formed long ago when tiny sea animals and plants Coal died and sank to the seabed. Bacteria, heat, soil, and pressure slowly transformed the dead matter into oil and gas.
6
Oil
Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
7
CHAPTER TWO
Solar Energy
We cannot create energy, but we can convert one form of energy to another and make that energy work for us. Solar energy, or energy from the Sun, is one example. The Sun is our ultimate source of energy. The Sun is responsible for all energy. The energy that keeps the Sun burning day after day is the same energy that controls our weather and supports life on Earth.
Earth and Sun Size Comparison The Sun is a medium size star. It is huge compared to our planet. It would take more than one million Earths to fill a sphere the size of the Sun!
8
Earth
Sun
9
10
, When you stand outside on a hot summer day, it is clear the Sun provides heat energy. When you look around and see green grass, blue sky, and a rainbow of colorful flowers, it’s clear the Sun provides light energy. You might wonder, though, how the Sun is responsible for all energy. Let’s explore more about the Sun and solar energy.
,
11
CHAPTER THREE
What makes up the Sun?
Several chemical elements make up the Sun. About 74 percent of the Sun is hydrogen gas and about 25 percent is helium gas. Other elements including oxygen make up the rest. The Sun’s center, or core, is more dense, or heavier, than its outer layers.
80
74%
70 60 50 40 30
25%
20 10 0
12
1% Hydrogen
Helium
Other
Extreme heat and pressure in the core changes hydrogen to helium. The result is a constant massive release of energy. The process is nuclear fusion.
Fuel for Thought Everything in the universe, including our Sun, is made of tiny atoms. Atoms contain even smaller particles of protons and electrons that carry an electric charge.
13
CHAPTER FOUR
Where does the Sun’s Energy Go?
Energy from the Sun leaves the core and cools as it passes through the outer layers of gas. The energy, in the form of heat and light, enters space in every direction. It takes just over eight minutes for sunlight (solar energy) to travel 93 million miles and reach Earth! Since sunlight travels in all directions, only a fraction of the Sun’s energy reaches Earth’s atmosphere. Some of the energy bounces off Earth and back into space. Much of it is absorbed and converted to heat. Plants store a small amount of solar energy in their cells. What plants do with the solar energy makes nearly all life on Earth possible.
14
15
CHAPTER FIVE
Plants and Solar Energy When the Sun shines, plant cells take action! They transform solar energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plant cells absorb sunlight and carbon dioxide from the air. At the same time, plant cells remove oxygen from water and release it into the air. The process produces sugars and starches that are either stored or used as food for the plant.
Energy f